Activation of eggshell powder (ESP) using palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and its application in removing lead and cadmium from river water
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2025.123.7607Keywords:
adsorbent, eggshell powder, heavy metal removal, palm oil fuel ashAbstract
Contamination by heavy metals, especially lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), presents considerable environmental and public health hazards. This study examined the efficacy of a composite adsorbent composed of eggshell powder (ESP) and Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) in eliminating Pb and Cd from polluted river water. BET analysis indicated that the ESP-POFA composite demonstrated enhanced surface area and pore volume post-activation, achieving a peak surface area of 38.79 m²/g at a 1:0.75 ESP:POFA ratio. The peak adsorption efficiency for Pb was 87.16%, achieved at a 1:0.25 ESP: POFA ratio after 180 minutes of agitation, whereas Cd adsorption peaked at 94.17% at a 1:0.75 ratio with the same agitation time. The adsorption capacity fluctuated according to the ESP: POFA ratio, with Pb attaining 0.00038 mg/g at the 1:0.25 ratio and Cd achieving 0.00099 mg/g at the 1:0.75 ratio. The findings demonstrate that the ESP-POFA composite is a sustainable and economical solution for water treatment and is exceptionally proficient in removing cadmium from river water. These findings endorse the composite's potential for extensive water treatment applications; nevertheless, additional modification is necessary to enhance Pb adsorption capability.
References
Abdullah, N., Yusof, N., Lau, W.J., Jaafar, J. and Ismail, A.F. 2019. Recent trends of heavy metal removal from water/wastewater by membrane technologies. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 76(March):17-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2019.03.029
Annane, K., Lemlikchi, W. and Tingry, S. 2021. Efficiency of eggshell as a low-cost adsorbent for removal of cadmium: Kinetic and isotherm studies. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 13(7):6163-6174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01619-2
Aziz, A.S.A., Manaf, L.A., Man, H.C. and Kumar, N.S. 2014. Column dynamic studies and breakthrough curve analysis for Cd(II) and Cu(II) ions adsorption onto palm oil boiler mill fly ash (POFA). Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21(13):7996-005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2739-5
Badariah, B., Sukmawati, N., Heraningsih, S.F., Rainiyati, R., Riduan, A. and Putri, R.D. 2023. Heavy metal contamination of Batanghari River, Jambi, Indonesia: determination based on sediment enrichment factor value. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 10(4):4761-4768. https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2023.104.4761
Daraei, H., Mittal, A., Noorisepehr, M. and Mittal, J. 2015. Separation of chromium from water samples using eggshell powder as a low-cost sorbent: kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Desalination and Water Treatment 53(1):214-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.837011
Djilali, Y., Elandaloussi, E.H., Aziz, A. and de Ménorval, L.C. 2016. Alkaline treatment of timber sawdust: A straightforward route toward effective low-cost adsorbent for the enhanced removal of basic dyes from aqueous solutions. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 20:S241-S249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2012.10.013
Ebenebe, P., Shale, K., Sedibe, M.M., Achilonu, M. and Africa, K.S. 2018. South African mine effluents: Heavy metal pollution and impact on the ecosystem. International Journal of Chemical Sciences 15(4):1-12.
El Mouden, A., El Messaoudi, N., El Guerraf, A., Bouich, A., Mehmeti, V., Lacherai, A., Jada, A. and Sher, F. 2023. Multifunctional cobalt oxide nanocomposites for efficient removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Chemosphere 317(January). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137922
Elnabi, M.K.A., Elkaliny, N.E., Elyazied, M.M., Azab, S.H., Elkhalifa, S.A., Elmasry, S., Mouhamed, M.S., Shalamesh, E.M., Alhorieny, N.A., Abd Elaty, A.E., Elgendy, I.M., Etman, A.E., Saad, K.E., Tsigkou, K., Ali, S.S., Kornaros, M. and Mahmoud, Y.A.G. 2023. Toxicity of heavy metals and recent advances in their removal: A review. Toxics 11(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11070580
Fu, F. and Wang, Q. 2011. Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: A review. Journal of Environmental Management 92(3):407-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.11.011
Gusain, R., Kumar, N. and Sinha, S. 2020. Recent advances in carbon nanomaterial-based adsorbents for water purification. Coordination Chemistry Reviews 405:213111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213111
Hasan, R., Chong, C.C., Setiabudi, H.D., Jusoh, R. and Jalil, A.A. 2019. Process optimization of methylene blue adsorption onto eggshell–treated palm oil fuel ash. Environmental Technology and Innovation 13:62-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2018.10.004
Heraningsih, S.F., Rainiyati, Riduan, A., Viareco, H., Jasminarni, and Novita, T. 2024. Lead (Pb) removal from gold mining-impacted water utilizing palm oil fuel ash (POFA). Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 12(1):6833-6840. https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2024.121.6833
Hong, M., Yu, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Chen, Z., Dong, L., Zan, Q. and Li, R. 2019. Heavy metal adsorption with zeolites: The role of hierarchical pore architecture. Chemical Engineering Journal 359:363-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.087
Jalil, A.A., Triwahyono, S., Yaakob, M.R., Azmi, Z.Z.A., Sapawe, N., Kamarudin, N.H.N., Setiabudi, H.D., Jaafar, N.F., Sidik, S.M., Adam, S.H. and Hameed, B.H. 2012. Utilization of bivalve shell-treated Zea mays L. (maize) husk leaf as a low-cost biosorbent for enhanced adsorption of malachite green. Bioresource Technology 120:218-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.06.066
Lavecchia, R., Pugliese, A. and Zuorro, A. 2010. Removal of lead from aqueous solutions by spent tea leaves. Chemical Engineering Transactions 19:73-78.
Leyva-Ramos, R., Landin-Rodriguez, L.E., Leyva-Ramos, S. and Medellin-Castillo, N.A. 2012. Modification of corncob with citric acid to enhance its capacity for adsorbing cadmium(II) from water solution. Chemical Engineering Journal 180:113-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.11.021
Lidsky, T.I. and Schneider, J.S. 2003. Lead neurotoxicity in children: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates. Brain 126(1):5-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awg014
Lim, C.S.C. 2014. Study on effectiveness of heavy metals removal through the biosorption process using Eucheuma cottonii. Undergraduates Project Papers. Universiti Malaysia Pahang.
Liu, C. and Zhang, H. 2022. Modified-biochar adsorbents (MBAs) for heavy-metal ions adsorption: A critical review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.107393
Lyn, C.W., Bashir, M.J., Wong, L.Y., Lim, J.W., Sethupathi, S. and Ng, CA. 2021. Ancillary palm oil fuel ash (POFA) in sequencing batch reactor for enhancing recalcitrant pollutants removal from domestic wastewater. Chemosphere 265:129050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129050
Mohammadi, S., Mirghaffari, N. and Soleimani, M. 2017. Cadmium removal from aqueous solutions using pyrolyzed activated sludge of petroleum refining industry. 2017 International Conference on Environmental Impacts of the Oil and Gas Industries: Kurdistan Region of Iraq as a Case Study, EIOGI 2017, 2018-January, 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1109/EIOGI.2017.8267620
Nasuha, N. and Hameed, B.H. 2011. Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution onto NaOH-modified rejected tea. Chemical Engineering Journal 166(2):783-786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.11.012
Ortega, D.R., González Esquivel, D.F., Blanco Ayala, T., Pineda, B., Gómez Manzo, S., Marcial Quino, J., Carrillo Mora, P. and Pérez de la Cruz, V. 2021. Cognitive impairment induced by lead exposure during lifespan: Mechanisms of lead neurotoxicity. Toxics 9(2):1-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9020023
Patel, P., Raju, N.J., Reddy, B.C.S.R., Suresh, U., Gossel, W. and Wycisk, P. 2016. Geochemical processes and multivariate statistical analysis for the assessment of groundwater quality in the Swarnamukhi River basin, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Earth Sciences 75(7):1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-5108-x
Rahman, A., Yoshida, K., Islam, M.M. and Kobayashi, G. 2023. Investigation of Efficient adsorption of toxic heavy metals (chromium, lead, cadmium) from aquatic environment using orange peel cellulose as adsorbent. Sustainability (Switzerland) 15(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054470
Rahman, Z. and Singh, V.P. 2019. The relative impact of toxic heavy metals (THMs) (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr)(VI), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb)) on the total environment: an overview. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 191(7). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7528-7
Rainiyati, Riduan, A., Heraningsih, S.F. and Mukhtasida, B. 2022. Mercury removal from gold mining wastewater using palm oil fuel ash (POFA). Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 9(3):3525-3531. https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2022.093.3525
Rashid, A., Schutte, B.J., Ulery, A., Deyholos, M.K., Sanogo, S., Lehnhoff, E.A., and Beck, L. 2023. Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soil: Environmental pollutants affecting crop health. Agronomy 13(6):1-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061521
Riduan, A., Rainiyati, Heraningsih, S.F. and Badariah. 2022. Minimizing river pollution by batik dye wastewater using palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as an environmentally friendly, low-cost adsorbent alternative. Journal of Degraded and Mining Landa Management 10(1):3981-3989. https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2022.101.3981
Singh, S., Raju, N.J. and Nazneen, S. 2015. Environmental risk of heavy metal pollution and contamination sources using multivariate analysis in the soils of Varanasi environs, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 187(6):1-12, PMID: 25963764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4577-4
Sodhi, K.K., Mishra, L.C., Singh, C.K. and Kumar, M. 2022. Perspective on the heavy metal pollution and recent remediation strategies. Current Research in Microbial Sciences 3(September):100166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100166
Stawinski, W., Wegrzyn, A., Freitas, O., Chmiilarz, L., Mordarski, G. and Figueiredo, S. 2017. Simultaneous removal of dyes and metal cations using an acid, acid-base and base modified vermiculite as a sustainable and recyclable adsorbent. Science of The Total Environment 576:398-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.120
van Veenhuyzen, B., Tichapondwa, S., Horstmann, C., Chirwa, E. and Brink, H.G. 2021. High capacity Pb(II) adsorption characteristics onto raw- and chemically activated waste activated sludge. Journal of Hazardous Materials 416(April). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125943
Yadav, N., Maurya, B.M., Chettri, D., Pooja, Pulwani, C., Mahesh, J., Kanda, S., Winster, H., Elangovan, A., Velusamy, P., Mahalaxmi, I. and Balachandar, V. 2023. Artificial Intelligence in heavy metals detection: Methodological and ethical challenges. Hygiene and Environmental Health Advances 7:100071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heha.2023.100071
Yanova, S., Siagian, K.A.M. and Gusanti, R. 2020. Level of heavy metal contamination in Batanghari River water, Jambi Province based on C/P index (contamination/pollution). Jurnal Daur Lingkungan 3(2):62, (in Indonesian). https://doi.org/10.33087/daurling.v3i2.56
Yusof, M.S.M., Othman, M.H.D., Mustafa, A., Rahman, M.A., Jaafar, J. and Ismail, A.F. 2018. Feasibility study of cadmium adsorption by palm oil fuel ash (POFA)-based low-cost hollow fibre zeolitic membrane. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25(22):21644-21655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2286-6
Zulys, A., Andriyani, L., Fadhilla, R., Nasruddin, N., Mabuchi, T., Adawiah, and Azizah, Y.N. 2024. One-pot synthesis of a novel metal organic framework-modified TiO2@Cr-PTC-HIna as adsorbent for Pb2+ removal in aqueous system. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 10(May):100829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100829
Abdullah, N., Yusof, N., Lau, W.J., Jaafar, J. and Ismail, A.F. 2019. Recent trends of heavy metal removal from water/wastewater by membrane technologies. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 76(March):17-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2019.03.029
Annane, K., Lemlikchi, W. and Tingry, S. 2021. Efficiency of eggshell as a low-cost adsorbent for removal of cadmium: Kinetic and isotherm studies. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 13(7):6163-6174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01619-2
Aziz, A.S.A., Manaf, L.A., Man, H.C. and Kumar, N.S. 2014. Column dynamic studies and breakthrough curve analysis for Cd(II) and Cu(II) ions adsorption onto palm oil boiler mill fly ash (POFA). Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21(13):7996-005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2739-5
Badariah, B., Sukmawati, N., Heraningsih, S.F., Rainiyati, R., Riduan, A. and Putri, R.D. 2023. Heavy metal contamination of Batanghari River, Jambi, Indonesia: determination based on sediment enrichment factor value. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 10(4):4761-4768. https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2023.104.4761
Daraei, H., Mittal, A., Noorisepehr, M. and Mittal, J. 2015. Separation of chromium from water samples using eggshell powder as a low-cost sorbent: kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Desalination and Water Treatment 53(1):214-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.837011
Djilali, Y., Elandaloussi, E.H., Aziz, A. and de Ménorval, L.C. 2016. Alkaline treatment of timber sawdust: A straightforward route toward effective low-cost adsorbent for the enhanced removal of basic dyes from aqueous solutions. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 20:S241-S249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2012.10.013
Ebenebe, P., Shale, K., Sedibe, M.M., Achilonu, M. and Africa, K.S. 2018. South African mine effluents: Heavy metal pollution and impact on the ecosystem. International Journal of Chemical Sciences 15(4):1-12.
El Mouden, A., El Messaoudi, N., El Guerraf, A., Bouich, A., Mehmeti, V., Lacherai, A., Jada, A. and Sher, F. 2023. Multifunctional cobalt oxide nanocomposites for efficient removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Chemosphere 317(January). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137922
Elnabi, M.K.A., Elkaliny, N.E., Elyazied, M.M., Azab, S.H., Elkhalifa, S.A., Elmasry, S., Mouhamed, M.S., Shalamesh, E.M., Alhorieny, N.A., Abd Elaty, A.E., Elgendy, I.M., Etman, A.E., Saad, K.E., Tsigkou, K., Ali, S.S., Kornaros, M. and Mahmoud, Y.A.G. 2023. Toxicity of heavy metals and recent advances in their removal: A review. Toxics 11(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11070580
Fu, F. and Wang, Q. 2011. Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: A review. Journal of Environmental Management 92(3):407-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.11.011
Gusain, R., Kumar, N. and Sinha, S. 2020. Recent advances in carbon nanomaterial-based adsorbents for water purification. Coordination Chemistry Reviews 405:213111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213111
Hasan, R., Chong, C.C., Setiabudi, H.D., Jusoh, R. and Jalil, A.A. 2019. Process optimization of methylene blue adsorption onto eggshell–treated palm oil fuel ash. Environmental Technology and Innovation 13:62-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2018.10.004
Heraningsih, S.F., Rainiyati, Riduan, A., Viareco, H., Jasminarni, and Novita, T. 2024. Lead (Pb) removal from gold mining-impacted water utilizing palm oil fuel ash (POFA). Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 12(1):6833-6840. https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2024.121.6833
Hong, M., Yu, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Chen, Z., Dong, L., Zan, Q. and Li, R. 2019. Heavy metal adsorption with zeolites: The role of hierarchical pore architecture. Chemical Engineering Journal 359:363-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.087
Jalil, A.A., Triwahyono, S., Yaakob, M.R., Azmi, Z.Z.A., Sapawe, N., Kamarudin, N.H.N., Setiabudi, H.D., Jaafar, N.F., Sidik, S.M., Adam, S.H. and Hameed, B.H. 2012. Utilization of bivalve shell-treated Zea mays L. (maize) husk leaf as a low-cost biosorbent for enhanced adsorption of malachite green. Bioresource Technology 120:218-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.06.066
Lavecchia, R., Pugliese, A. and Zuorro, A. 2010. Removal of lead from aqueous solutions by spent tea leaves. Chemical Engineering Transactions 19:73-78.
Leyva-Ramos, R., Landin-Rodriguez, L.E., Leyva-Ramos, S. and Medellin-Castillo, N.A. 2012. Modification of corncob with citric acid to enhance its capacity for adsorbing cadmium(II) from water solution. Chemical Engineering Journal 180:113-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.11.021
Lidsky, T.I. and Schneider, J.S. 2003. Lead neurotoxicity in children: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates. Brain 126(1):5-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awg014
Lim, C.S.C. 2014. Study on effectiveness of heavy metals removal through the biosorption process using Eucheuma cottonii. Undergraduates Project Papers. Universiti Malaysia Pahang.
Liu, C. and Zhang, H. 2022. Modified-biochar adsorbents (MBAs) for heavy-metal ions adsorption: A critical review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.107393
Lyn, C.W., Bashir, M.J., Wong, L.Y., Lim, J.W., Sethupathi, S. and Ng, CA. 2021. Ancillary palm oil fuel ash (POFA) in sequencing batch reactor for enhancing recalcitrant pollutants removal from domestic wastewater. Chemosphere 265:129050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129050
Mohammadi, S., Mirghaffari, N. and Soleimani, M. 2017. Cadmium removal from aqueous solutions using pyrolyzed activated sludge of petroleum refining industry. 2017 International Conference on Environmental Impacts of the Oil and Gas Industries: Kurdistan Region of Iraq as a Case Study, EIOGI 2017, 2018-January, 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1109/EIOGI.2017.8267620
Nasuha, N. and Hameed, B.H. 2011. Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution onto NaOH-modified rejected tea. Chemical Engineering Journal 166(2):783-786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.11.012
Ortega, D.R., González Esquivel, D.F., Blanco Ayala, T., Pineda, B., Gómez Manzo, S., Marcial Quino, J., Carrillo Mora, P. and Pérez de la Cruz, V. 2021. Cognitive impairment induced by lead exposure during lifespan: Mechanisms of lead neurotoxicity. Toxics 9(2):1-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9020023
Patel, P., Raju, N.J., Reddy, B.C.S.R., Suresh, U., Gossel, W. and Wycisk, P. 2016. Geochemical processes and multivariate statistical analysis for the assessment of groundwater quality in the Swarnamukhi River basin, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Earth Sciences 75(7):1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-5108-x
Rahman, A., Yoshida, K., Islam, M.M. and Kobayashi, G. 2023. Investigation of Efficient adsorption of toxic heavy metals (chromium, lead, cadmium) from aquatic environment using orange peel cellulose as adsorbent. Sustainability (Switzerland) 15(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054470
Rahman, Z. and Singh, V.P. 2019. The relative impact of toxic heavy metals (THMs) (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr)(VI), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb)) on the total environment: an overview. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 191(7). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7528-7
Rainiyati, Riduan, A., Heraningsih, S.F. and Mukhtasida, B. 2022. Mercury removal from gold mining wastewater using palm oil fuel ash (POFA). Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 9(3):3525-3531. https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2022.093.3525
Rashid, A., Schutte, B.J., Ulery, A., Deyholos, M.K., Sanogo, S., Lehnhoff, E.A., and Beck, L. 2023. Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soil: Environmental pollutants affecting crop health. Agronomy 13(6):1-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061521
Riduan, A., Rainiyati, Heraningsih, S.F. and Badariah. 2022. Minimizing river pollution by batik dye wastewater using palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as an environmentally friendly, low-cost adsorbent alternative. Journal of Degraded and Mining Landa Management 10(1):3981-3989. https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2022.101.3981
Singh, S., Raju, N.J. and Nazneen, S. 2015. Environmental risk of heavy metal pollution and contamination sources using multivariate analysis in the soils of Varanasi environs, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 187(6):1-12, PMID: 25963764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4577-4
Sodhi, K.K., Mishra, L.C., Singh, C.K. and Kumar, M. 2022. Perspective on the heavy metal pollution and recent remediation strategies. Current Research in Microbial Sciences 3(September):100166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100166
Stawinski, W., Wegrzyn, A., Freitas, O., Chmiilarz, L., Mordarski, G. and Figueiredo, S. 2017. Simultaneous removal of dyes and metal cations using an acid, acid-base and base modified vermiculite as a sustainable and recyclable adsorbent. Science of The Total Environment 576:398-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.120
van Veenhuyzen, B., Tichapondwa, S., Horstmann, C., Chirwa, E. and Brink, H.G. 2021. High capacity Pb(II) adsorption characteristics onto raw- and chemically activated waste activated sludge. Journal of Hazardous Materials 416(April). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125943
Yadav, N., Maurya, B.M., Chettri, D., Pooja, Pulwani, C., Mahesh, J., Kanda, S., Winster, H., Elangovan, A., Velusamy, P., Mahalaxmi, I. and Balachandar, V. 2023. Artificial Intelligence in heavy metals detection: Methodological and ethical challenges. Hygiene and Environmental Health Advances 7:100071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heha.2023.100071
Yanova, S., Siagian, K.A.M. and Gusanti, R. 2020. Level of heavy metal contamination in Batanghari River water, Jambi Province based on C/P index (contamination/pollution). Jurnal Daur Lingkungan 3(2):62, (in Indonesian). https://doi.org/10.33087/daurling.v3i2.56
Yusof, M.S.M., Othman, M.H.D., Mustafa, A., Rahman, M.A., Jaafar, J. and Ismail, A.F. 2018. Feasibility study of cadmium adsorption by palm oil fuel ash (POFA)-based low-cost hollow fibre zeolitic membrane. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25(22):21644-21655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2286-6
Zulys, A., Andriyani, L., Fadhilla, R., Nasruddin, N., Mabuchi, T., Adawiah, and Azizah, Y.N. 2024. One-pot synthesis of a novel metal organic framework-modified TiO2@Cr-PTC-HIna as adsorbent for Pb2+ removal in aqueous system. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 10(May):100829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100829
Downloads
Submitted
Accepted
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Submission of a manuscript implies: that the work described has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, or thesis) that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere; that if and when the manuscript is accepted for publication, the authors agree to automatic transfer of the copyright to the publisher. 
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Scientific Journal by Eko Handayanto is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at https://ub.ac.id.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at https://ircmedmind.ub.ac.id/.
This work is licensed under a 