Erosion hazard mapping and land use strategy in Sempor Reservoir Watershed of Central Java, Indonesia

Authors

  • Anggun Melia Pancarani Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tidar University, Magelang City, Indonesia
  • Arrizka Yanuar Adipradana Water Resources Group, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tidar University, Magelang City, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8331-4640
  • Muhammad Amin Water Resources Group, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tidar University, Magelang City, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2025.123.7533

Keywords:

erosion hazard, GIS-SWAT, land use strategy, Sempor Watershed

Abstract

Land use change is a significant factor in accelerating erosion rates, which is expected to increase sedimentation in the reservoir. The reduction in the water storage capacity of the dam is primarily due to sediment accumulation resulting from soil erosion. One of the approaches involves analyzing the erosion hazard level by integrating the Geographical Information System (GIS) and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to accurately predict the erosion rate. The objective of this research was to assess the erosion hazard level and develop land management strategies to mitigate erosion rates in Sempor Reservoir Watershed of Central Java, Indonesia. The SWAT model employed the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) method, utilizing input data on topography, climatology, and land use provided by an authorized agency. Model calibration was conducted using the Calibration Uncertainty Program, which involved 55 iterations with 2,000 simulations per iteration, incorporating 18 sensitive parameters. Furthermore, the comparison of flow discharge between observed and simulated data is validated using statistical parameters. The results indicated that land use coverage and slope significantly influence the erosion rate. The land management strategy scenario demonstrates a reduction in potential erosion rates and sediment yield. Model calibration and validation yielded R² values of 0.87, NSE of 0.86, and PBIAS of 3.6%, indicating an excellent model fit. This suggests that the SWAT model is quite accurate in simulating the catchment area. However, the SWAT model's performance can be further enhanced by improving the adaptability of other calibration parameters.

References

Abbaspour, K.C. 2022. The fallacy in the use of the “best-fit” solution in hydrologic modeling. Science of the Total Environment 802:149713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149713

Abbaspour, K.C., Rouholahnejad, E., Vaghefi, S., Srinivasan, R., Yang, H. and Klove, B. 2015. A continental-scale hydrology and water quality model for Europe: Calibration and uncertainty of a high-resolution large-scale SWAT model. Journal of Hydrology 524:733-752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.03.027

Alewell, C., Borrelli, P., Meusburger, K. and Panagos, P. 2019. Using the USLE: Chances, challenges and limitations of soil erosion modelling. International Soil and Water Conservation Research 7(3):203-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2019.05.004

Anand, J., Gosain, A.K. and Khosa, R. 2018. Prediction of land use changes based on land change modeler and attribution of changes in the water balance of Ganga basin to land use change using the SWAT model. Science of the Total Environment 644:503-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.017

Arini, S., Yulaikhah, Y. and Cahyono, B.K. 2019. Calculation of sedimentation rate at Sempor reservoirs in 2018 using Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation Method (MUSLE). Journal of Geospatial Information Science and Engineering 2(2):212-219. https://doi.org/10.22146/jgise.51156

Arnold, J.G., Moriasi, D.N., Gassman, P.W., Abbaspour, K.C., White, M.J., Srinivasan, R., Santhi, C., Harmel, R.D., Van Griensven, A., Van Liew, M. W., Kannan, N. and Jha, M.K. 2012. SWAT: Model use, calibration, and validation. Transactions of the ASABE American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers) 55(4):1491-1508. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.42256

Astani, L.P., Supraba, I. and Jayadi, R. 2021. Analysis of domestic and non-domestic clean water needs in Kulon Progo Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta. Jurnal Teknologi Sipil 5(2):34-41, (in Indonesian). https://doi.org/10.30872/ts.v5i2.6984

Ayele, G.T., Teshale, E.Z., Yu, B., Rutherfurd, I.D. and Jeong, J. 2017. Streamflow and sediment yield prediction for watershed prioritization in the upper Blue Nile River basin, Ethiopia. Water (Switzerland) 9(10):0-29. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100782

Baker, T.J. and Miller, S.N. 2013. Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to assess land use impact on water resources in an East African watershed. Journal of Hydrology 486:100-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.01.041

Bennour, A., Jia, L., Menenti, M., Zheng, C., Zeng, Y., Barnieh, B.A. and Jiang, M. 2022. Calibration and validation of SWAT model by using hydrological remote sensing observables in the Lake Chad Basin. Remote Sensing 14(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14061511

Budiman, S. and Suprayogi, S. 2024. Estimating the useful life of the Sempor Reservoir using erosion modelling. Quaestiones Geographicae 43(1):63-78. https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2024-0004

de Oliveira Serrao, E.A., Silva, M.T., Ferreira, T.R., de Ataide, L.C.P., dos Santos, C.A., de Lima, A.M.M., da Silva, V.P.R., de Sousa, F.A.S. and Gomes, D.J.C. 2022. Impacts of land use and land cover changes on hydrological processes and sediment yield determined using the SWAT model. International Journal of Sediment Research 37(1):54-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2021.04.002

Hapsari, V.R., Kundarto, M. and Herlambang, S. 2021. The effect of catchment land use on sediment volume in Sempor Reservoir, Kebumen Regency. Jurnal Tanah dan Air (Soil and Water Journal) 19(1):15-24, (in Indonesian). https://doi.org/10.31315/jta.v19i1.9461

Herlambang, H.L., Putri, M.R., Santosa, B. and Suwarno, D. 2022. Study of sedimentation potential in Jatibarang Reservoir with SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) modeling. G-Smart 6:1-9, (in Indonesian). https://doi.org/10.24167/gsmart.v6i1.3130

Karakoyun, E. and Kaya, N. 2022. Hydrological simulation and prediction of soil erosion using the SWAT model in a mountainous watershed: a case study of Murat River Basin, Turkey. Journal of Hydroinformatics 24(6):1175-1193. https://doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2022.056

Keles Ozgenc, E. 2024. Evaluation using the SWAT model of the effects of land use land cover changes on hydrological processes in the Gala Lake Basin, Turkey. Environmental Quality Management 34(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.22238

Kuba, M.S.S., Suryana, I. and Lisnawati. 2019. Study of the effect of consolidation dam building CD 1-1 on sedimentation rate in Jeneberang River. Jurnal Teknik Hidro 12:54-64, (in Indonesian). https://doi.org/10.26618/th.v12i1.2474

Kurniati, N., Ramdani, A.A., Efendi, R. and Rahmawat, D. 2021. Analysis of land use compatibility towards the land use function direction. Geography: Jurnal Kajian, Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pendidikan 8(2):125-132 (in Indonesian).

Mahmood, R., Pielke, R.A., Hubbard, K.G., Niyogi, D., Dirmeyer, P.A., Mcalpine, C., Carleton, A.M., Hale, R., Gameda, S., Beltran-Przekurat, A., Baker, B., Mcnider, R., Legates, D.R., Shepherd, M., Du, J., Blanken, P.D., Frauenfeld, O.W., Nair, U.S. and Fall, S. 2014. Land cover changes and their biogeophysical effects on climate. International Journal of Climatology 34(4):929-953. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3736

Maro, R.S., Samin, M. and Pamungkas, B.T.T. 2023. Analysis of population rate on the availability of clean water to fulfill household needs in Lakat Village, Kuatnana Subdistrict, South Central Timor District. Jurnal Geografi 19:104-117, (in Indonesian). https://doi.org/10.35508/jgeo.v19i1.11692

Miller, S.N., Kepner, W.G., Mehaffey, M.H., Hernandez, M., Miller, R.C., Goodrich, D.C., Devonald, K.K., Heggem, D.T. and Miller, W.P. 2002. Integrating landscape assessment and hydrologic modeling for land cover change analysis. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 38(4):915-929. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb05534.x

Mitova, M., Rakotoarimanana, Z., Kercheva, M. and Ishidaira, H. 2025. SWAT model calibration, validation and parameter sensitivity analysis using SWAT-CUP, SUFI-2 for watershed of the Rusenski Lom River, Bulgaria. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 883 LNNS(November), 381-390. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-74707-6_40

Moriasi, D.N., Arnold, J.G., Van Liew, M.W., Bingner, R.L., Harmel, R.D. and Veith, T.L. 2007. Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations. Transactions of the ASABE (American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers) 50(3):885-900. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.23153

Mosbahi, M. and Benabdallah, S. 2019. Assessment of land management practices on soil erosion using SWAT model in a Tunisian semi-arid catchment. Journal of Soils and Sediments 20(16). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02443-y

Pane, Y.P.S., Sholichin, M. and Asmaranto, R. 2021. Erosion Analysis in Kali Lamong watershed using ArcSWAT approach. Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air 1(2):876-889, (in Indonesian). https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtresda.2021.001.02.44

Rouholahnejad, E., Abbaspour, K.C., Vejdani, M., Srinivasan, R., Schulin, R. and Lehmann, A. 2012. A parallelization framework for calibration of hydrological models. Environmental Modelling and Software 31:28-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.12.001

Rumaisha, A., Hazna, T.S. and Jamaludin, I. 2019. The importance role of vegetation in preventing cliff erosion in the Cinambo Sub-watershed. Agrotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati, Bandung (in Indonesian).

Salma, C.N., Sukmono, A. and Firdaus, H.S. 2024. Analysis of erosion rate in Upper Serayu sub watershed in 2022 using geographic information system. Journal of Geospatial Information Science and Engineering 7(1):53, (in Indonesian). https://doi.org/10.22146/jgise.91925

Sertel, E., Imamoglu, M.Z., Cuceloglu, G. and Erturk, A. 2019. Impacts of land cover/use changes on hydrological processes in a rapidly urbanizing mid-latitude water supply catchment. Water 11(5):1075. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11051075

Sujarwo, M.W., Indarto, I. and Mandala, M. 2022. Sensitivity analysis on Soil and Water Assesment Tool (SWAT) model at Brantas Watershed, East Java Indonesia. Jurnal Presipitasi : Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan 19(3):498–509. https://doi.org/10.14710/presipitasi.v19i3.498-509

Ullah, S., Ali, U., Rashid, M., Haider, S., Kisi, O., Vishwakarma, D.K., Raza, A., Alataway, A. and Dewidar, A.Z. 2024. Evaluating land use and climate change impacts on Ravi River flows using GIS and hydrological modeling approach. Scientific Reports volume 14, article number:22080. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73355-2

Downloads

Submitted

26-12-2024

Accepted

17-02-2025

Published

01-04-2025

How to Cite

Pancarani, A. M., Adipradana, A. Y., & Amin, M. (2025). Erosion hazard mapping and land use strategy in Sempor Reservoir Watershed of Central Java, Indonesia. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management, 12(3), 7533–7544. https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2025.123.7533

Issue

Vol. 12 No. 3 (2025)

Section

Research Article

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Submission of a manuscript implies: that the work described has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, or thesis) that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere; that if and when the manuscript is accepted for publication, the authors agree to automatic transfer of the copyright to the publisher.
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Scientific Journal by Eko Handayanto is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at https://ub.ac.id.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at https://ircmedmind.ub.ac.id/.

Most read articles by the same author(s)