Vegetation development and soil conditions in reclaimed areas of former silica mines in Indonesia

Authors

  • Tedi Yunanto Bandung Polytechnic of Energy and Mining, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Jl. Jend. Sudirman No. 623, Bandung, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8101-0379
  • Dadan Wildan Bandung Polytechnic of Energy and Mining, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Jl. Jend. Sudirman No. 623, Bandung, Indonesia
  • Suparno Bandung Polytechnic of Energy and Mining, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Jl. Jend. Sudirman No. 623, Bandung, Indonesia
  • Megawati Department of Statistic, IPB University, Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia
  • Natasya Santoso Bandung Polytechnic of Energy and Mining, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Jl. Jend. Sudirman No. 623, Bandung, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2025.122.7141

Keywords:

Composition, Diversity, Mine Reclamation, Silica, Soil Properties, Structure

Abstract

To restore the function of ex-mining land according to its designation, the ex-mining area must be reclaimed. Ecological dynamics, especially soil conditions and the composition, structure, and biodiversity that occur in reclamation areas, need to be understood so that the reclamation area meets the criteria for the success of mine reclamation. This study aimed to understand the composition, structure, biodiversity, and soil conditions that influence growth in the reclamation area. The research was conducted in a silica mine reclamation area with a 17.8 m radius (r) circular plot (0.1 ha) of 10 plots (±1 ha) for vegetation and 9 points for soil sampling at a depth of 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm. In general, the results of the vegetation inventory show that the tree species recorded are dominated by Pinus merkusii, Hevea brasiliensis, and Enterolobium cyclocarpum with mean values of diameter, height, and low diversity conditions. The condition of soil physical and chemical properties in the reclamation area at both depths shows low mean values, which can affect the growth rate of plants in the reclamation area. The species of Schima wallichii that grow naturally in the reclamation area was found, indicating that the reclamation activities have created a good environment for other tree species to grow naturally. However, enrichment activities need to be carried out to increase biodiversity.

References

Agus, C., Primananda, E., Faridah, E., Wulandari, D. and Lestari, T. 2019. Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Pongamia pinnata for revegetation of tropical open-pit coal mining soils. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 7:3365-3374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-1983-5

Albasri, A., Tuheteru, F.D., Husna, H., Budiharta, S., Tuheteru, E.J., Mulyono, S., Yunanto, T. and Karlin, V. 2023. Composition, structure and diversity of vegetation on asphalt post-mining sites in Buton Island, Indonesia. Floresta e Ambiente 30(3). https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087-floram-2023-0022

Amanah. F. and Yunanto, T. 2019. Mine reclamation period to successfully meet criteria in Indonesia. In: Fourie, A.B. and Tibbett, M. (eds), Mine Closure 2019; Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Mine Closure. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth. https://doi.org/10.36487/ACG_rep/1915_103_Amanah

Cain, S.A. 1938. The species-area curve. The American Midland Naturalist, 573-581. https://doi.org/10.2307/2420468

Christian, Y., Afandi, A., Prabowo, B., Rikardi, N. and Desmiwati. 2023. The feasibility of converting ex-coal mining void into aquaculture in North Kalimantan. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 10(2):4143-4153. https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2023.102.4143

Daras, U., Trisilawati, O. and Sobari, L. 2013. Effect of mycorrhizal and ameliorant on coffee seed growth. Buletin RISTRI 2:145-156 (in Indonesian).

de Faria, S.M., Ringelberg, J.J., Gross, E., Koenen, E.J.M., Cardoso, D., Ametsitsi, G.K.D., Akomatey, J., Maluk, M., Tak, N., Gehlot, H.S., Wright, K.M., Teaumroong, N., Songwattana, P., de Lima, H.C., Prin, Y., Zartman, C.E., Sprent, J.I., Ardley, J., Hughes, C.E. and James, E.K. 2022. The innovation of the symbiosome has enhanced the evolutionary stability of nitrogen fixation in legumes. New Phytologist 235(6):2365-2377. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18321

Feng, Y., Wang, J., Bai, Z. and Reading, L. 2019. Effects of surface coal mining and land reclamation on soil properties: A review. Earth-Science Reviews 191:12-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.02.015

Ghaida, S.H., Wasis, B. and Budi, S.W. 2020. Application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil ameliorant on the growth of Leucaena leucocephala in limestone post-mining soil media. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika 3:282-290. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.26.3.282

Goncalves, F.M.P., Revermann, R., Gomes, A.L., Aidar, M.P.M., Finckh, M. and Juergens, N. 2017. Tree species diversity and composition of Miombo woodlands in South-Central Angola: A chronosequence of forest recovery after shifting cultivation. International Journal of Forestry Research 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6202093

Haigh, M., Woodruffe, P., D'Aucourt, M., Aun, E., Wilding, G., Fitzpatrick, S., Filcheva, E. and Noustorova, M. 2020. Successful ecological regeneration of opencast coal mine spoils through forestation: From cradle to grove. Minerals 10:1-27. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10050461

Hartati, W. and Sudarmadji, T. 2016. Relationship between soil texture and soil organic matter content on mined-out lands in Berau, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 8:83-88. https://doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n080115

Hayati, N., Windusari, Y. and Dahlan, Z. 2021. Types of amphibia in coal mine reclamation of PT. Bukit Asam, Tbk. Tanjung Enim, South Sumatera. BIOVALENTIA: Biological Research Journal 7(1):18-24. https://doi.org/10.24233/biov.7.1.2021.208

Hytonen, J., Nurmi, J., Kaakkurivaara, N. and Kaakkurivaara, T. 2019. Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) biomass, nutrient content, and heating values in Southern Thailand. Forests 10(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/f10080638

IPB University. 2013. Mine reclamation training materials. Slide Presentation. IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia

Ishmah, S.N., Permana, M.D., Firdaus, M.L. and Eddy, D.R. 2020. Extraction of silica from Bengkulu beach sand using alkali fusion method. PENDIPA Journal of Science Education 4(2):1-5. https://doi.org/10.33369/pendipa.4.2.1-5

Iskandar, I., Suryaningtyas, D.T., Baskoro, D.P.T., Budi, S.W., Gozali, I., Suryanto, A., Kirmi, H. and Dultz, S. 2022. Revegetation as a driver of chemical and physical soil property changes in a post-mining landscape of East Kalimantan: A chronosequence study. Catena 215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106355

Kara, F. 2021. Comparison of tree diameter distributions in managed and unmanaged Kazda?? fir forests. Silva Balcanic 22(1):31-43. https://doi.org/10.3897/silvabalcanica.22.e58020

Lamprecht, H. 1989. Silviculture in the Tropics: Tropical Forest Ecosystems and Their Tree Species - Possibilities and Methods for Their Long-term Utilization. Publisher: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit, 296 pages, ISBN: 388085422X, 9783880854222.

Leila, B., Loubna, B. and Ali, B. 2020. Impacts of mining activities on soil properties: case studies from Morocco mine sites. Soil Science Annual 71(4):395-407. https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/133011

Lestari, K.G., Budi, S.W. and Suryaningtyas, D.T. 2022. The impact of revegetation activities in various post-mining lands in Indonesia (study of literature). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 959(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/959/1/012038

Lewis, S. and Rosales, J. 2020. Restoration of forested lands under bauxite mining with emphasis on Guyana during the first two decades of the XXI century: A review. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 8:41-67. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2020.811003

Mikroutsikos, A., Theocharis, A.I., Koukouzas, N.C. and Zevgolis, I.E. 2023. Slope stability of reclaimed coal mines through a new water filling index. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 16(3):828-839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2023.08.022

Mulenga, C. 2022. Soil governance and the control of mining pollution in Zambia. Soil Security 6:100039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soisec.2022.100039

Nadalia, D. and Pulunggono, H.B. 2020. Soil characteristics of post-mining reclamation land and natural soil without top soil. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 7(2): 2011-2016. https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2020.072.2011

Nugrahanto, G., Na'iem, M., Indrioko, S., Faridah, E., Widiyatno, and Abdillah, E. 2022. Genetic parameters for resin production of Pinus merkusii progeny test collected from three seed sources in Banyumas Barat Forest District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23(4):2010-2016. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230436

Nutayla, N., Rejo, A. and Adhiguna, R.T. 2023. Coal Post-Mining Reclamation Using Pterocarpus indicus. Journal of Ecological Engineering 24(12):366-376. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/174091

Oktofian, W.E., Biantary, M.P., Yahya, Z., Kamarubayana, L., Tirkaamina, M.T. and Ramayana, S.A. 2023. The degree of stability of rubber stands (Hevea brasiliensis) in the timber estate area of PT. Sylvaduta District Kembang Janggut, Kutai Kartanegara District East Kalimantan Province. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International 24(5):135-141. https://doi.org/10.9734/jaeri/2023/v24i5551

Pambudi, P.A., Utomo, S.W., Soelarno, S.W. and Takarina, N.D. 2023. Coal mining reclamation as an environmental recovery effort: a review. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 10(4):4811-4821. https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2023.104.4811

Patabang, M. and Hardjanto, H. 2021. Stem volume equation for constructing local volume table of Pinus merkusii Jungh et de Vriese in Tana Toraja community forest. Biogenesis: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi 9(2):137. https://doi.org/10.24252/bio.v9i2.22281

Patabang, M., Malamassam, D. and Hardjanto. 2014. Growth model of pine (Pinus merkusii Jungh. Et de Vriese) stand on community forest in Tana Toraja Regency. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika 20(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.20.1.1

Pawul, M., Kepys, W. and Sliwka, M. 2022. The role of natural succession in the reclamation of mining waste disposal facilities. Inzynieria Mineralna 1(2-50):159-165. https://doi.org/10.29227/IM-2022-02-21

Pratiwi, Narendra, B.H., Siregar, C.A., Turjaman, M., Hidayat, A., Rachmat, H.H., Mulyanto, B., Suwardi, Iskandar, Maharani, R., Rayadin, Y., Prematuri, R., Turjaman, M., Sato, T. and Tawaraya, K. 2020. The impact of nickel mining on soil properties and growth of two fast-growing tropical trees species. International Journal of Forestry Research 2020:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8837590

Prematuri, R., Turjaman, M., Sato, T. and Tawaraya, K. 2020. Post bauxite mining land soil characteristics and its effects on the growth of Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J. W. Grimes and Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2020, Article ID 6764380. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6764380

Purnamayani, R., Hendri, J. and Cahyana, D. 2019. The effect of ameliorant application in abundance of soil microbiology on coal mine reclamation land at Muaro Jambi Regency of Jambi Province. IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science 1:012053. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/393/1/012053

Rehman, G., Khattak, I., Hamayun, M., Rahman, A., Haseeb, M., Umar, M., Ali, S., Iftikhar, Shams, W.A. and Pervaiz, R. 2021. Impacts of mining on local fauna of wildlife in District Mardan & District Mohmand Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Brazilian Journal of Biology 84: PMID: 34932632. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.251733

Rosikin, Prasetyo, L.B. and Hermawan, R. 2023. Assessment of the success of canopy cover revegetation of former coal mine lands with Forest Canopy Density (FCD) Model in Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan, 13(4):574-585. https://doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.13.4.574-585

Safitri, B., Wahyudi, W. and Christopheros. 2020. Distribution of diameter of sengon plants (Paraserianthes falcataria) as an indicator of normal growth. Jurnal Hutan Tropika 15(1):43-50 (in Indonesian). https://doi.org/10.36873/jht.v15i1.1713

Sakellari, C., Roumpos, C., Louloudis, G. and Vasileiou, E. 2021. A review about the sustainability of pit lakes as a rehabilitation factor after mine closure. Materials Proceedings 1:52. https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2021005052

Setyaningsih, L. 2023. Reforestation in the reclamation area of Pongkor Gold Mining. Jurnal Sains Natural 13:212-220. https://doi.org/10.31938/jsn.v13i4.649

Sofranko, M., Vegsoova, O., Kalasz, T., Sulovec, V., Beca, J. and Suver, M. 2020. Effect of reclamation on an environment impaired by mining activity: A case study. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 29(5):3329-3337. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/115097

Sonter, L.J., Ali, S.H. and Watson, J.E.M. 2018. Mining and biodiversity: Key issues and research needs in conservation science. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285(1892). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1926

Staporn, D., Marod, D., Wongprom, J. and Diloksumpun, S. 2022. Drivers of native species

regeneration in the process of restoring a dry evergreen forest from exotic tree plantations in Northeastern Thailand. Forests 13(8):1321. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13081321

Sulakhudin, Suswati, D. and Hatta, M. 2017. The effect of ameliorants on improvement of soil fertility in post-gold mining land at West Kalimantan. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 4:873-880. https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2017.044.873

Villa, P.M., Meira-Neto, J.A.A., Diniz, E.S., Ali, A., Neri, A.V., Martins, S.V., Campos, P.V., Pinto-Junior, H.V., da Costa, J.S., Coelho, A.J.P., Bao, F., de Araujo Lima, G. and Rapini, A. 2023. Soil factors rather than stand age drive tree phylogenetic diversity along Amazon Forest succession. Ecological Engineering 189(December 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2023.106915

Wahyudi, H. and Palupi, W.A. 2022. Natural resources curse in Indonesia. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 13(2):349-356. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.14077

Waitkus, A.K. 2022. Sustainable reclamation practices for a large surface coal mine in shortgrass prairie, semiarid environment (Wyoming, USA): case study. International Journal of Coal Science and Technology 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-022-00502-3

Widjanarko, A.P. and Gultom, Y.M.L. 2024. A changing landscape: Exploring the relationship between clean and clear status policy, coal mining, and deforestation. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika 30(1):94-106. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.30.1.97

Yunanto, T., Amanah, F. and Wisnu, N.P. 2021. The possibility of reclamation criteria success in Indonesia: Soil condition, vegetation structure and species composition. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 9(1):3201-3210. https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2021.091.3201

Yunanto, T., Mitlohner, R. and Birger-Arndt, R. 2019. Vegetation development and the condition of natural regeneration after coal mine reclamation in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: Fourie, A.B. and Tibbett, M. (eds), Mine Closure 2019: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Mine Closure, Perth, pp. 1289-1302. https://doi.org/10.36487/ACG_rep/1915_102_Yunanto

Yunanto, T., Suparno, S., Amanah, F., Fajriatunnisa, F. and Wisnu, N.P. 2022. Reclamation of a limestone quarry: effect of poultry manure and humic acid on the soil improvement. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 9(4):3773-3785. https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2022.094.3773

Yuningsih, L., Hermansyah, Ibrahim, E. and Marsi. 2021. Diversity, structure and composition of vegetation in post-coal mining reclamation area in Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22(8):3392-3400. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d220836

Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhou, Y., Huang, H. and Chang, M. 2023. The evolution of landscape patterns and its ecological effects of open-pit mining: A case study in the Heidaigou mining area, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054394

Zine, H., Hakkou, R., Elmansour, A., Elgadi, S., Ouhammou, A. and Benzaazoua, M. 2023. Native plant diversity for ecological reclamation in Moroccan open-pit phosphate mines. Biodiversity Data Journal 11. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e104592

Zohrer, F. 1980. Forstinventur. Schriftenreihe "Pareys Studientexte" 26. Hamburg: Parey.

Downloads

Submitted

30-09-2024

Accepted

21-11-2024

Published

01-01-2025

How to Cite

Yunanto, T., Wildan, D., Suparno, Megawati, & Santoso, N. (2025). Vegetation development and soil conditions in reclaimed areas of former silica mines in Indonesia . Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management, 12(2), 7141–7157. https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2025.122.7141

Issue

Section

Research Article